Several clinical and biological evidences, such as breast calcifications and breast metastasis to bone, suggest a deep relation between bone and breast tissues. Tangible proofs of great similarities between these tissues bring to light how complex phenomena, as breast micro calcifications and bone metastasis, could be the result of a tight correlation between apparently different organs.
Exosomes are nano-sized particles 'exfoliated' from a variety of cell types. They are known to facilitate exchange of messages between various cells by transporting bio-functional cargo like proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. Exosomes play a pivotal role in cellular signaling under normal physiological conditions, as well as in diseased states like cancer. They are shed in excessive amounts by cancer cells and can be harnessed from a variety of body fluids.
Cervical lymphadenopathy is a common reason for referral to the Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery clinic. The differential diagnosis is broad, and can include infectious, traumatic, anatomical, and neoplastic etiologies. Cervical lymph nodes are the primary site of metastasis for head and neck cancers, but have also been implicated in other forms of cancer, including primary tumors of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and breast.
The field of oncology has changed immensely since the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Cancers, such as advanced melanoma, previously carried a prognosis of 8-10 months, now patients have a chance at remission [1]. In certain patient populations with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), ICIs are improving outcomes and becoming the standard of care [2]. The potency of these immunotherapy agents is due to their ability to disinhibit the body's immune response and unleash a vigorous antitumor response.
According to St. Gallen Consensus, endocrine responsive breast cancer is defined by positive steroidal receptors (ER= estrogen receptor and PR= Progesterone Receptor). ER/PR and HER2 are the most important biomarkers in decision-making about adjuvant and palliative treatment options. Available data suggest, that the higher the expression of ER and PR, the better the outcome for patients with early and advanced breast cancers.
Objective: To analyse multi-source data patents, and try to draw the whole landscape of the research and development community in the field of breast cancer metastasis.
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