The rapid increase in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the approaching future prompts a need for an easy, efficient and precise diagnosis of the disease at its initial stages to halt or delay the disease progression. Conventional testing includes measuring amyloid beta and tau levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) aided by imaging techniques like positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Different botanical derived or synthetic addictive substances have been "misused" and/or "abused" for centuries around the world. To overcome the abuse by these substances, strict legal laws were constituted globally. However, novel and drugs with chemical structures similar to illegal psychoactive drugs substances (with a slight structural change) were manufactured in undercover laboratories to have the same or augmented psychostimulatory effects. Currently, the major classes of designer drugs are piperazines, cathinones, synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic opioids, tryptamines, and phenethylamines.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and alteration in energy regulation occurs prior to the disease-defining amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) and Tau pathologies in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Dysfunctional Mitophagy, the process of removal of defective mitochondria through a complex and integrated cellular network is dysfunctional in AD. Mitophagy complements to synaptic dysfunction by prompting Aβ and Tau accumulation due to increasing oxidative stress and cellular energy insufficiencies leading to cognitive deficits.
The global prevalence of dementia including Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is estimated to reach 44 million people. AD is the most common neurodegenerative disorder described by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques, intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein and neuronal loss as main hall marks of the disease.
There is an emerging interest in using music as a non-invasive non-pharmacological therapy for various mental disorders. The study of music and medicine is a rapidly growing field which had been largely focused on the use of music as a complementary therapy. Despite its evident universality and high social value, the ultimate biological role of music and its connection to brain disorders is poorly understood.
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